C++11中引入了一个用于多线程操作的thread类
简单多线程示例:
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   | #include <iostream> #include <thread> #include <Windows.h>   using namespace std;   void thread01() {     for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)     {         cout << "Thread 01 is working !" << endl;         Sleep(100);     } } void thread02() {     for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)     {         cout << "Thread 02 is working !" << endl;         Sleep(200);     } }   int main() {     thread task01(thread01);     thread task02(thread02);     task01.join();     task02.join();       for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)     {         cout << "Main thread is working !" << endl;         Sleep(200);     }     system("pause"); }
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输出:

非堵塞多线程
两个子线程并行执行,join函数会阻塞主流程,所以子线程都执行完成之后才继续执行主线程。可以使用detach将子线程从主流程中分离,独立运行,不会阻塞主线程:
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   | #include <iostream> #include <thread> #include <Windows.h>   using namespace std;   void thread01() {     for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)     {         cout << "Thread 01 is working !" << endl;         Sleep(100);     } } void thread02() {     for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)     {         cout << "Thread 02 is working !" << endl;         Sleep(200);     } }   int main() {     thread task01(thread01);     thread task02(thread02);     task01.detach();     task02.detach();       for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)     {         cout << "Main thread is working !" << endl;         Sleep(200);     }     system("pause"); }
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输出:

使用detach的主线程和两个子线程并行执行。
带参子线程
在绑定的时候也可以同时给带参数的线程传入参数:
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   | #include <iostream> #include <thread> #include <Windows.h>   using namespace std;   //定义带参数子线程 void thread01(int num) {     for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)     {         cout << "Thread 01 is working !" << endl;         Sleep(100);     } } void thread02(int num) {     for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)     {         cout << "Thread 02 is working !" << endl;         Sleep(200);     } }   int main() {     thread task01(thread01, 5);  //带参数子线程     thread task02(thread02, 5);     task01.detach();     task02.detach();       for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)     {         cout << "Main thread is working !" << endl;         Sleep(200);     }     system("pause"); }
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输出跟上例输出一样:

多线程数据竞争
多个线程同时对同一变量进行操作的时候,如果不对变量做一些保护处理,有可能导致处理结果异常:
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   | #include <iostream> #include <thread> #include <Windows.h>   using namespace std;   int totalNum = 100;   void thread01() {     while (totalNum > 0)     {         cout << totalNum << endl;         totalNum--;         Sleep(100);     } } void thread02() {     while (totalNum > 0)     {         cout << totalNum << endl;         totalNum--;         Sleep(100);     } }   int main() {     thread task01(thread01);     thread task02(thread02);     task01.detach();     task02.detach();     system("pause"); }
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输出结果(部分):

有两个问题,一是有很多变量被重复输出了,而有的变量没有被输出;二是正常情况下每个线程输出的数据后应该紧跟一个换行符,但这里大部分却是另一个线程的输出。
这是由于第一个线程对变量操作的过程中,第二个线程也对同一个变量进行各操作,导致第一个线程处理完后的输出有可能是线程二操作的结果。针对这种数据竞争的情况,可以使用线程互斥对象mutex保持数据同步。
mutex类的使用需要包含头文件mutex:
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   | #include <iostream> #include <thread> #include <Windows.h> #include <mutex>   using namespace std;   mutex mu;  //线程互斥对象   int totalNum = 100;   void thread01() {     while (totalNum > 0)     {         mu.lock(); //同步数据锁         cout << totalNum << endl;         totalNum--;         Sleep(100);         mu.unlock();  //解除锁定     } } void thread02() {     while (totalNum > 0)     {         mu.lock();         cout << totalNum << endl;         totalNum--;         Sleep(100);         mu.unlock();     } }   int main() {     thread task01(thread01);     thread task02(thread02);     task01.detach();     task02.detach();     system("pause"); }
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多线程中加入mutex互斥对象之后输出正常:
